Homer Author of epics

Sappho Lyric poet

Aeschylus

Tragic dramatist

Sophocles Tragic dramatist

Euripides Tragic dramatist

Arostophoes Comedy writer

Herodotus Greeks and Persians Father of the history

Thucydides Athens and Sparta， Syracuse historian

Pythagoras All things were numbers

Heracleitue Fire is the primary element

Democritus Materialist ， atomic

Socrates Dissect of oneself， virtue was high worth of life， dialectical method

Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas

Aristotle Direct observation， theory follow fact， idea and matter together made concrete inspanidual realities

Euclid geometrist

Others Diogenes， Pyrrhon， Epicurus philosophy

Cicero Far less rhetorical， but colloquial and intimate Prose writer

Caesar I came， I saw， I conquered Prose writer

Lucretius On the nature of things poet

Virgil -Aeneas-tragic hero

4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander，king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.到达高峰，146B.C.被罗马霸占。

l 基督教和圣经

Jews—曾经叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews脱离埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在 Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews久居Pelestine， known as Canaan，Hebrew人的前史口头传送记入the old Testament， 6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon构成synagogue（忧太聚会）来发扬他们的教义。

Jesus生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus， Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣告基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于393年宣告基督教为国教。

Hebrew人的前史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包括39本书，写了从1000B.C.-100A.D.的工作，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由 Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的方式，包括14本书，最陈旧的Latin Bible叫Vulgate，在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint

l 中世纪

开始于476西罗马帝国得衰落

5-11世纪

在文明上承继了Roman culture，呈现了Hebrew and Gothic culture

feudalism主要是一种system of land holding，for exchanging military service，它还是一种local and decentralized government

1045，教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

反击Moslems，开始了Crusades

Charles Martel给战士们estates known as fiefs in 732

St. Thomas Aquinas写了The Summa Theologica总结了中世纪神学的一切常识并形成了体系，他以为feudal hierarchy of society is God‘s rule

The power of feudal rulers is God‘s will

Pope is Crist‘s Plenipotentiary

中世纪封建社会的人主要分为三个等级：clergy， lords， peasants

Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the vernacular.

l 文艺复兴与宗教改革

Boccaccio Decameron

Cervantes Don Quixote（crowned literature of Spain）

Petrarch Sonnet，father of modern poetry

Da Vinci Artist in Italy

Michelangelo Artist in Italy

Raphael Known for his Madonna Artist in Italy

Titian Oil color Artist in Italy

Ronsard France

Rabelais Cargantua and Pantagruel France

Montaigne The Essais France

Thomas More Utopia

Shakespeare crowned literature of England

Copernicus The father of modern astronomy

Vesalius The founder of modern medicine Anatomy

Aldus Manutius The foremost printer in Italy

Machiavelli Father of political science Political sciencehistoriography

Dante

Vosari

others Giotto，Brunelleschi，Donatello，Giorgione，Spencer， Bacon artists

Reformation was led by Martin Luther. 它建议用the Bible的肯定威望替代the Roman Catholic Church的肯定威望，这促进了资本主义的开展。

1492， Columbus发现了America

1487，Dias发现了the cape of good hope

1497，da Gama发现了绕过好望角去印度的航线

英国在Elizabeth I的控制下到达鼎盛时期

宗教改革今后，基督教分裂为：the Protestant and the Roman Catholic

Humanism是文艺复兴年代的魂灵思维

l 17世纪

Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understandingcaculaus

Milton Areopagitica，

English revolution

Bacon Knowledge is power England

Descartes I think therefore I am France

Corneille FrenchNeoclassicismdramatists

Racine

Moliere

Locke

许多科学器械在被创造：microscope， telescope， thermometer， barometer， pendulum

Bacon以为哲学应该与神学分隔

Leibniz区别了人的三种了解程度，自我认识，认识，潜认识（无认识）

Bacon对立deductive method，创立了inductive method

Hobbes以为最好的控制方法是monarchy

1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament登峰造极的权力

英国大革命中，Cromwell带领举动 Milton供给思维

法国最著名的修建：Palace of Versailles Garden Front

East Front of the Louvre

英国最著名修建：St. Paul‘s Cathedral

17th：physics， mathematics

18th：chemistry

19th：biology

20th：psychology

French classicism

Baroque art

Newton

Galileo

l 启蒙运动

Diderot France

Montesquieu Separation of powers

Voltaire

Hobbes Social contract

Locke Social contract

Rousseau

Swift

Defoe

Henry Fielding

Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic noval

Lessing German dramastistGerman classicim

Goethe

schiller

Kant Waterhead of modern philosophyPropose the nebular hypothesis

Pope poet Dr.Johnson lexicographer

J.S.Bach ChristianityMajor musicians of the musical Englithenment

Handel

Haydn Classical period Viennese school

Mozart

Beethoven Romantic Movement

18世纪两大闻名运动：The American War of Independence（1776）

The Declaration of Independence

The French Revolution（1789）

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Rococo艺术的典型修建代表：Hotel de Soubise

Addison， Steele在期刊The Tatler ， The Spectator上宣布论文

The Enlightenment

Rococo art

l 现实主义

France

Balzzac

Stendhal a novel is a mirror walking along the road

Flaubert first French realist Objectivity， detachment

Zora Naturalism， scientific heredity

Maupssant

Chickikov A character in Shame， and hypocrisy

Peter the Great Russian reforms. End the middle age

Dostoyevsky

Ibsen For women hypocrisy and seemy politics

Strindberg Autobiograpgical Existence and self-realization

English

George Eliot Scientific， reason，objectivity

Charles Dickens

Thackeray Becky Sharp

Thomas Hardy Wessex uperior， pitiless， indifference

Berbard Shaw Fabian society major Barbara> Nobel Prize in 1925

Russia

Gogol

Turgenev First gain recognition in the west

Dostoevsky

Tolstoy

Other countries

Walt Whitman

Henry James The master beyond all masters， psychological subtlety

Mark Twain Father of American literature

Gustave Courbet Neo-Baroque Brutality and vulgarity

Millet Outside the circle of politics painter

Manet The luncheon on the grass Challenge to Greco-Roman

Monet Impression：sunrise

Van Gogh Against impressionism

Gauguin Use color in unexpected combinations

Auguste Rodin Art for art‘s sake sculpture

Antonin Dvorak The symphony in E Minor Patterns found in folk music

Claude Debussy The founder of modern musical impression

对立falseness， sentimentality

Mark Twain称1870-1890年的美国为the gilded age，内战之后，New England的重要性让坐落New York

Realism

l 现代主义和其它

T.S.Eliot

Conrad Human motives ， moral values

Virginia Woolf Bloomsbury， stream of consciousness

James Joyce

Symbolism， naturalistic，interior monologue

W.B.Yeats imagist movement， Symbolism

William Faulkner Conflictsbrotherhood

Gorky Trilogy

John Osborn

Robbe-Grillet Nouveau Roman

Samuel Beckett Absurd Drama

Tomas Mann Psychological effect of isolation

Andre Gide 1947，Nobel Prize

Albert Camus meaning of life， values 1957，Nobel Prize

M.A.Sholokhov 1965，Nobel Prize

Marcel Proust Remembrance of things past

Kingsley Amis The angry young men

Allen Ginsberg The beat generation

Iack Kerouac The beat generation

Jean-Paul Sartre Existenlialism

Emil Nolde Expressionism In Germany

Joseph Heller Black humor

Fauves Boldest color，

Picasso cubism

Umverto Boccioni futurism

Marcel Duchamp Dada movement

Jackson Pollock Abstract expressionism Drip technique

Henry Moore Three-dimensional sculpter

现代主义杂乱丰厚，它包括symbolism， surrealism， cubism， expressionism， futurism

咱们这个年代四个最巨大的音乐家：